integral_image_normal.h

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#pragma once
 
#include <pcl/memory.h>
#include <pcl/pcl_macros.h>
#include <pcl/point_cloud.h>
#include <pcl/features/feature.h>
#include <pcl/features/integral_image2D.h>
 
namespace pcl
{
  /** \brief Surface normal estimation on organized data using integral images.
    *
    *        For detailed information about this method see:
    *
    *        S. Holzer and R. B. Rusu and M. Dixon and S. Gedikli and N. Navab, 
    *        Adaptive Neighborhood Selection for Real-Time Surface Normal Estimation 
    *        from Organized Point Cloud Data Using Integral Images, IROS 2012.
    *
    *        D. Holz, S. Holzer, R. B. Rusu, and S. Behnke (2011, July). 
    *        Real-Time Plane Segmentation using RGB-D Cameras. In Proceedings of 
    *        the 15th RoboCup International Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey.
    *        http://www.ais.uni-bonn.de/~holz/papers/holz_2011_robocup.pdf 
    *
    * \author Stefan Holzer
    */
  template <typename PointInT, typename PointOutT>
  class IntegralImageNormalEstimation: public Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>
  {
    using Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>::input_;
    using Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>::feature_name_;
    using Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>::tree_;
    using Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>::k_;
    using Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>::indices_;
 
    public:
      using Ptr = shared_ptr<IntegralImageNormalEstimation<PointInT, PointOutT> >;
      using ConstPtr = shared_ptr<const IntegralImageNormalEstimation<PointInT, PointOutT> >;
 
      /** \brief Different types of border handling. */
        enum BorderPolicy
        {
          BORDER_POLICY_IGNORE,
          BORDER_POLICY_MIRROR
        };
 
      /** \brief Different normal estimation methods.
        * <ul>
        *   <li><b>COVARIANCE_MATRIX</b> - creates 9 integral images to compute the normal for a specific point
        *   from the covariance matrix of its local neighborhood.</li>
        *   <li><b>AVERAGE_3D_GRADIENT</b> - creates 6 integral images to compute smoothed versions of
        *   horizontal and vertical 3D gradients and computes the normals using the cross-product between these
        *   two gradients.
        *   <li><b>AVERAGE_DEPTH_CHANGE</b> -  creates only a single integral image and computes the normals
        *   from the average depth changes.
        * </ul>
        */
      enum NormalEstimationMethod
      {
        COVARIANCE_MATRIX,
        AVERAGE_3D_GRADIENT,
        AVERAGE_DEPTH_CHANGE,
        SIMPLE_3D_GRADIENT
      };
 
      using PointCloudIn = typename Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>::PointCloudIn;
      using PointCloudOut = typename Feature<PointInT, PointOutT>::PointCloudOut;
 
      /** \brief Constructor */
      IntegralImageNormalEstimation ()
        : normal_estimation_method_(AVERAGE_3D_GRADIENT)
        , border_policy_ (BORDER_POLICY_IGNORE)
        ,  integral_image_DX_ (false)
        , integral_image_DY_ (false)
        , integral_image_depth_ (false)
        , integral_image_XYZ_ (true)
        , max_depth_change_factor_ (20.0f*0.001f)
      {
        feature_name_ = "IntegralImagesNormalEstimation";
        tree_.reset ();
        k_ = 1;
      }
 
      /** \brief Destructor **/
      ~IntegralImageNormalEstimation () override;
 
      /** \brief Set the regions size which is considered for normal estimation.
        * \param[in] width the width of the search rectangle
        * \param[in] height the height of the search rectangle
        */
      void
      setRectSize (const int width, const int height);
 
      /** \brief Sets the policy for handling borders.
        * \param[in] border_policy the border policy.
        */
      void
      setBorderPolicy (const BorderPolicy border_policy)
      {
        border_policy_ = border_policy;
      }
 
      /** \brief Computes the normal at the specified position.
        * \param[in] pos_x x position (pixel)
        * \param[in] pos_y y position (pixel)
        * \param[in] point_index the position index of the point
        * \param[out] normal the output estimated normal
        */
      void
      computePointNormal (const int pos_x, const int pos_y, const unsigned point_index, PointOutT &normal);
 
      /** \brief Computes the normal at the specified position with mirroring for border handling.
        * \param[in] pos_x x position (pixel)
        * \param[in] pos_y y position (pixel)
        * \param[in] point_index the position index of the point
        * \param[out] normal the output estimated normal
        */
      void
      computePointNormalMirror (const int pos_x, const int pos_y, const unsigned point_index, PointOutT &normal);
 
      /** \brief The depth change threshold for computing object borders
        * \param[in] max_depth_change_factor the depth change threshold for computing object borders based on
        * depth changes
        */
      void
      setMaxDepthChangeFactor (float max_depth_change_factor)
      {
        max_depth_change_factor_ = max_depth_change_factor;
      }
 
      /** \brief Set the normal smoothing size
        * \param[in] normal_smoothing_size factor which influences the size of the area used to smooth normals
        * (depth dependent if useDepthDependentSmoothing is true)
        */
      void
      setNormalSmoothingSize (float normal_smoothing_size)
      {
        if (normal_smoothing_size < 2.0f)
        {
          PCL_ERROR ("[pcl::%s::setNormalSmoothingSize] Invalid normal smoothing size given! (%g). Must be at least 2. Defaulting to %g.\n",
                      feature_name_.c_str (), normal_smoothing_size, normal_smoothing_size_);
          return;
        }
        normal_smoothing_size_ = normal_smoothing_size;
      }
 
      /** \brief Set the normal estimation method. The current implemented algorithms are:
        * <ul>
        *   <li><b>COVARIANCE_MATRIX</b> - creates 9 integral images to compute the normal for a specific point
        *   from the covariance matrix of its local neighborhood.</li>
        *   <li><b>AVERAGE_3D_GRADIENT</b> - creates 6 integral images to compute smoothed versions of
        *   horizontal and vertical 3D gradients and computes the normals using the cross-product between these
        *   two gradients.
        *   <li><b>AVERAGE_DEPTH_CHANGE</b> -  creates only a single integral image and computes the normals
        *   from the average depth changes.
        * </ul>
        * \param[in] normal_estimation_method the method used for normal estimation
        */
      void
      setNormalEstimationMethod (NormalEstimationMethod normal_estimation_method)
      {
        normal_estimation_method_ = normal_estimation_method;
      }
 
      /** \brief Set whether to use depth depending smoothing or not
        * \param[in] use_depth_dependent_smoothing decides whether the smoothing is depth dependent
        */
      void
      setDepthDependentSmoothing (bool use_depth_dependent_smoothing)
      {
        use_depth_dependent_smoothing_ = use_depth_dependent_smoothing;
      }
 
       /** \brief Provide a pointer to the input dataset (overwrites the PCLBase::setInputCloud method)
         * \param[in] cloud the const boost shared pointer to a PointCloud message
         */
      inline void
      setInputCloud (const typename PointCloudIn::ConstPtr &cloud) override
      {
        input_ = cloud;
        if (!cloud->isOrganized ())
        {
          PCL_ERROR ("[pcl::IntegralImageNormalEstimation::setInputCloud] Input dataset is not organized (height = 1).\n");
          return;
        }
 
        init_covariance_matrix_ = init_average_3d_gradient_ = init_depth_change_ = false;
        
        if (use_sensor_origin_)
        {
          vpx_ = input_->sensor_origin_.coeff (0);
          vpy_ = input_->sensor_origin_.coeff (1);
          vpz_ = input_->sensor_origin_.coeff (2);
        }
 
        // Initialize the correct data structure based on the normal estimation method chosen
        initData ();
      }
 
      /** \brief Returns a pointer to the distance map which was computed internally
        */
      inline float*
      getDistanceMap ()
      {
        return (distance_map_);
      }
 
      /** \brief Set the viewpoint.
        * \param vpx the X coordinate of the viewpoint
        * \param vpy the Y coordinate of the viewpoint
        * \param vpz the Z coordinate of the viewpoint
        */
      inline void
      setViewPoint (float vpx, float vpy, float vpz)
      {
        vpx_ = vpx;
        vpy_ = vpy;
        vpz_ = vpz;
        use_sensor_origin_ = false;
      }
 
      /** \brief Get the viewpoint.
        * \param [out] vpx x-coordinate of the view point
        * \param [out] vpy y-coordinate of the view point
        * \param [out] vpz z-coordinate of the view point
        * \note this method returns the currently used viewpoint for normal flipping.
        * If the viewpoint is set manually using the setViewPoint method, this method will return the set view point coordinates.
        * If an input cloud is set, it will return the sensor origin otherwise it will return the origin (0, 0, 0)
        */
      inline void
      getViewPoint (float &vpx, float &vpy, float &vpz)
      {
        vpx = vpx_;
        vpy = vpy_;
        vpz = vpz_;
      }
 
      /** \brief sets whether the sensor origin or a user given viewpoint should be used. After this method, the 
        * normal estimation method uses the sensor origin of the input cloud.
        * to use a user defined view point, use the method setViewPoint
        */
      inline void
      useSensorOriginAsViewPoint ()
      {
        use_sensor_origin_ = true;
        if (input_)
        {
          vpx_ = input_->sensor_origin_.coeff (0);
          vpy_ = input_->sensor_origin_.coeff (1);
          vpz_ = input_->sensor_origin_.coeff (2);
        }
        else
        {
          vpx_ = 0;
          vpy_ = 0;
          vpz_ = 0;
        }
      }
      
    protected:
 
      /** \brief Computes the normal for the complete cloud or only \a indices_ if provided.
        * \param[out] output the resultant normals
        */
      void
      computeFeature (PointCloudOut &output) override;
 
      /** \brief Computes the normal for the complete cloud.
        * \param[in] distance_map distance map
        * \param[in] bad_point constant given to invalid normal components
        * \param[out] output the resultant normals
        */
      void
      computeFeatureFull (const float* distance_map, const float& bad_point, PointCloudOut& output);
 
      /** \brief Computes the normal for part of the cloud specified by \a indices_
        * \param[in] distance_map distance map
        * \param[in] bad_point constant given to invalid normal components
        * \param[out] output the resultant normals
        */
      void
      computeFeaturePart (const float* distance_map, const float& bad_point, PointCloudOut& output);
 
      /** \brief Initialize the data structures, based on the normal estimation method chosen. */
      void
      initData ();
 
    private:
 
      /** \brief Flip (in place) the estimated normal of a point towards a given viewpoint
        * \param point a given point
        * \param vp_x the X coordinate of the viewpoint
        * \param vp_y the X coordinate of the viewpoint
        * \param vp_z the X coordinate of the viewpoint
        * \param nx the resultant X component of the plane normal
        * \param ny the resultant Y component of the plane normal
        * \param nz the resultant Z component of the plane normal
        * \ingroup features
        */
      inline void
      flipNormalTowardsViewpoint (const PointInT &point, 
                                  float vp_x, float vp_y, float vp_z,
                                  float &nx, float &ny, float &nz)
      {
        // See if we need to flip any plane normals
        vp_x -= point.x;
        vp_y -= point.y;
        vp_z -= point.z;
 
        // Dot product between the (viewpoint - point) and the plane normal
        float cos_theta = (vp_x * nx + vp_y * ny + vp_z * nz);
 
        // Flip the plane normal
        if (cos_theta < 0)
        {
          nx *= -1;
          ny *= -1;
          nz *= -1;
        }
      }
 
      /** \brief The normal estimation method to use. Currently, 3 implementations are provided:
        *
        * - COVARIANCE_MATRIX
        * - AVERAGE_3D_GRADIENT
        * - AVERAGE_DEPTH_CHANGE
        */
      NormalEstimationMethod normal_estimation_method_;
 
      /** \brief The policy for handling borders. */
      BorderPolicy border_policy_;
 
      /** The width of the neighborhood region used for computing the normal. */
      int rect_width_{0};
      int rect_width_2_{0};
      int rect_width_4_{0};
      /** The height of the neighborhood region used for computing the normal. */
      int rect_height_{0};
      int rect_height_2_{0};
      int rect_height_4_{0};
 
      /** the threshold used to detect depth discontinuities */
      float distance_threshold_{0.0f};
 
      /** integral image in x-direction */
      IntegralImage2D<float, 3> integral_image_DX_;
      /** integral image in y-direction */
      IntegralImage2D<float, 3> integral_image_DY_;
      /** integral image */
      IntegralImage2D<float, 1> integral_image_depth_;
      /** integral image xyz */
      IntegralImage2D<float, 3> integral_image_XYZ_;
 
      /** derivatives in x-direction */
      float *diff_x_{nullptr};
      /** derivatives in y-direction */
      float *diff_y_{nullptr};
 
      /** depth data */
      float *depth_data_{nullptr};
 
      /** distance map */
      float *distance_map_{nullptr};
 
      /** \brief Smooth data based on depth (true/false). */
      bool use_depth_dependent_smoothing_{false};
 
      /** \brief Threshold for detecting depth discontinuities */
      float max_depth_change_factor_;
 
      /** \brief */
      float normal_smoothing_size_{10.0f};
 
      /** \brief True when a dataset has been received and the covariance_matrix data has been initialized. */
      bool init_covariance_matrix_{false};
 
      /** \brief True when a dataset has been received and the average 3d gradient data has been initialized. */
      bool init_average_3d_gradient_{false};
 
      /** \brief True when a dataset has been received and the simple 3d gradient data has been initialized. */
      bool init_simple_3d_gradient_{false};
 
      /** \brief True when a dataset has been received and the depth change data has been initialized. */
      bool init_depth_change_{false};
 
      /** \brief Values describing the viewpoint ("pinhole" camera model assumed). For per point viewpoints, inherit
        * from NormalEstimation and provide your own computeFeature (). By default, the viewpoint is set to 0,0,0. */
      float vpx_{0.0f}, vpy_{0.0f}, vpz_{0.0f};
 
      /** whether the sensor origin of the input cloud or a user given viewpoint should be used.*/
      bool use_sensor_origin_{true};
      
      /** \brief This method should get called before starting the actual computation. */
      bool
      initCompute () override;
 
      /** \brief Internal initialization method for COVARIANCE_MATRIX estimation. */
      void
      initCovarianceMatrixMethod ();
 
      /** \brief Internal initialization method for AVERAGE_3D_GRADIENT estimation. */
      void
      initAverage3DGradientMethod ();
 
      /** \brief Internal initialization method for AVERAGE_DEPTH_CHANGE estimation. */
      void
      initAverageDepthChangeMethod ();
 
      /** \brief Internal initialization method for SIMPLE_3D_GRADIENT estimation. */
      void
      initSimple3DGradientMethod ();
 
    public:
      PCL_MAKE_ALIGNED_OPERATOR_NEW
  };
}
 
#ifdef PCL_NO_PRECOMPILE
#include <pcl/features/impl/integral_image_normal.hpp>
#endif